Further Reading & Sources

The texts used on this site

• R.H. Charles, The Book of Enoch (London: SPCK, 1917). The translation of 1 Enoch presented here. public domain
• R.H. Charles, The Book of Jubilees, or The Little Genesis (London: A. & C. Black, 1902/1913). The translation of Jubilees presented here. public domain
• The Book of Jasher, trans. Moses Samuel, published by Mordecai Manuel Noah (New York, 1840). The translation of Jasher presented here. Note: this is the medieval Hebrew Sefer haYashar, not the lost book cited in Joshua 10:13. public domain

Primary editions & older translations

• R.H. Charles, The Book of Enoch, or 1 Enoch (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1912). The fuller critical edition, with introduction and verse-by-verse notes. The chapter commentary on this site draws on its headnotes and section introductions. public domain
• R.H. Charles (ed.), The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913). The standard early collection; volume 2 contains both Enoch and Jubilees with introductions. public domain
• Richard Laurence, The Book of Enoch the Prophet (Oxford, 1821). The first English translation, made from the Ethiopic. public domain
• George H. Schodde, The Book of Enoch, Translated from the Ethiopic (Andover, 1882). public domain

Modern critical scholarship

These are the standard reference works on 1 Enoch and Jubilees. They are in copyright and are not reproduced here.

• George W.E. Nickelsburg, 1 Enoch 1: A Commentary on the Book of 1 Enoch, Chapters 1-36; 81-108 (Hermeneia; Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2001). The definitive modern commentary.
• George W.E. Nickelsburg & James C. VanderKam, 1 Enoch 2: A Commentary on Chapters 37-82 (Hermeneia; Fortress Press, 2012).
• Nickelsburg & VanderKam, 1 Enoch: A New Translation (Fortress Press, 2004). The most widely used modern English translation.
• Michael A. Knibb, The Ethiopic Book of Enoch, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978). Critical edition of the Ge'ez text.
• J.T. Milik, The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments of Qumrân Cave 4 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976). The publication of the Dead Sea Scrolls Enoch fragments.
• Loren T. Stuckenbruck, The Book of Giants from Qumran (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1997), and 1 Enoch 91-108 (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2007).
• James C. VanderKam, Enoch and the Growth of an Apocalyptic Tradition (Washington: CBA, 1984), and The Book of Jubilees (Sheffield Academic Press, 2001).
• Annette Yoshiko Reed, Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity (Cambridge University Press, 2005). On the reception of the Watchers tradition.

Manuscripts & primary-source images

The artwork on this site is illustrative, not historical. To see the actual manuscripts and fragments these texts survive in, go to the source collections:

• The Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library (Israel Antiquities Authority) - high-resolution images of the Qumran fragments, including the Aramaic Enoch manuscripts. deadseascrolls.org.il
• The British Library digitised manuscripts - Ethiopic (Ge'ez) manuscripts of Enoch and Jubilees. bl.uk/manuscripts
• Wikimedia Commons - openly licensed images of Ge'ez manuscript pages and Qumran fragments. commons.wikimedia.org

Reference works

• International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (1915). public domain
• The Jewish Encyclopedia (New York, 1901-1906). Strong on Enoch, Jubilees, and angelology. public domain

How to cite this site

Cite the underlying translation, not this site, for the text itself. For example:

R.H. Charles, trans., The Book of Enoch (London: SPCK, 1917), 1 Enoch 6:1-6. Accessed via Enoch Archive, enocharchive.com.